1. Introduction
To understand why this particular piece of pseudoscience is such a load of crap, it's necessary to have a bit of background information.
Please remember that the human immune system is very complicated. No, more complicated than that. No, even more complicated than that. It's pretty ridiculously complicated, in fact, which has led some people to (incorrectly) assume that it could not have evolved naturally and that some intelligence was behind it. So my explanation here will necessarily be greatly simplified.
2. How your body deals with a viral infection
There are little bits called antibodies in your blood that latch onto foreign invaders. White blood cells recognise these antibodies, and eat the things that they're attached to.
Viruses have certain structures on their surfaces that these antibodies recognise. In the case of a coronavirus, these structures are known as the "spike protein" and are what gives the coronavirus its crown-like appearance in microscopes. "Corona" is Latin for "crown".
When your immune system recognises a pathogen, it sends signals to other parts of your immune system to flood your bloodstream with antibodies. When the system has discovered which antibodies work, it not only prodces those antibodies in bulk, but it stores the blueprints up for later. This is why if you get chicken pox or mumps in childhood, you are usually subsequently immune.
3. How a regular vaccine works
Modern vaccines use either dead viruses, or bits of dead viruses, that are introduced into your body so that your immune system can deal with them without the risk of contacting the actual disease. These bits attract the antibodies, the blueprints of which are then stored up for later use if a live virus infects you. Using a vaccine is far safer than actually catching the disease, while being as effective as if you actually did.
4. A bit about molecular biology
Don't worry, this bit is actually pretty simple. There's a principle of molecular biology that is so fundamental that it has been referred to as "the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology". And that is this:
DNA --> RNA --> Protein.
This is the basis of how cells work. In the nucleus of the cell, DNA is transcribed onto RNA - basically, the RNA makes a copy of certain bits of DNA. These bits of RNA (strictly speaking they are messenger RNA (mRNA) - there are other types of RNA) float off into the cell where they encounter little cellular machines called ribosomes. These ribosomes take the stretches of mRNA and use them as a template to connect amino acids into long chains. These long chains are called proteins, and they are what your cells use to do stuff.
Notice that this is a one way process. DNA to RNA to protein. There is no way back. No biological process converts protein to RNA or RNA to DNA.
5. How a mRNA vaccine works
Now we get to the good stuff. An mRNA vaccine, such as that produced by Pfizer or Moderna, introduces mRNA into the process above. Specifically, it introduces mRNA for building the coronavirus spike protein. This mRNA floats off into the cell in the same way that mRNA produced by copying your own DNA does. It encounters the ribosome and is used to produce the spike protein.
Think about this. The mRNA vaccine hijacks your natural process for producing proteins, and gets it to produce the part of the coronavirus that is recognised by your immune system. That is extremely cool.
From here it works just like a regular vaccine. Your antibodies latch on to the spike protein and the blueprints are stored for later. The only difference is that instead of introducing dead viruses or bits of dead viruses, it introduces mRNA.
And because of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, this mRNA is not capable of affecting your DNA in any way.
6. What About AstraZeneca?
AstraZeneca is a bit of a special case. It is not a regular vaccine, but nor is it a mRNA vaccine like Pfizer and Moderna. Instead, it is a DNA vaccine. When you get AstraZeneca, DNA is introduced into your cells where it can perform the same function as your native DNA - it gets transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins. Again, in this case, the coronavirus spike protein. So it is in fact very similar to the mRNA vaccines, it just takes an extra step.
7. Side effects
A side note about side effects. A common complaint about the flu vaccination is that you feel like you've caught the flu after you get it. This is not true. One of the functions of the immune system (like I said, it's very complicated) is that when an infection is discovered, it floods the location with blood. This is called inflammation. This is actually a good thing, because with the blood comes white blood cells - to kill the infection - and antibodies - so that the white blood cells know what to kill and so that the blueprints can be stored for later. Unfortunately it also has other effects, such as fever, chills, swelling and soreness. These aren't because of the infection, but because of your body's response to it. Over-the-counter medicine such as ibuprofen can help reduce the symptoms.
The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are likely to produce a similar immune response. I'm told it can be quite unpleasant but trust me - it's not as unpleasant as dying from coronavirus.
7. Conclusion
No, the mRNA vaccine will not change your DNA. It can't. It's impossible.
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